Lab 11.1 Activity Series

1a. The Nitrate is known as a "spectator ion" because it has no involvement in the reaction. It is just bonded to the other ions, and sits idle in the reaction.
1b. Magnesium is oxidized, and Silver is reduced.
2. If X is more reactive than Y (higher up on table J) then the X and Y+2 will spontaneously react.
3-1. The activity series is the list of elements is order or activity.
3-2. An activity series can be used to predict which metal is more reactive by determining which elements spontaneously react with each other.
4. Gold and Silver were discovered earlier than the other four by humans because they can be easily found in nature. They do not easily react with the air to form oxides, unlike the other metals which are difficult to find alone in nature.
5-1. Copper was smelted by placing the ore is fire, and applying oxygen to the process through blowtubes.
5-2. Bronze was made by mixing copper and tin ore together and smelting it.
Enrichment: Silver was important in Kodak because Silver Halide paper was used as film to print the photos. This was important because the Silver Halides are light sensitive, and images can appear and can be developed on the film, depending on the amount of light used ( thus, the creation of the "dark room").

Lab 10.1 Solubility Curves

Salt, Sugar, and Methyl Alcohol are polar because they dissolve in water, which is also polar. Acetane, Wax, and Lighter Fluid are Non Polar because they did not dissolve in water. From the data, I can conclude that Ethanol is less polar than water, but still polar. I would expect Ethanol to dissolve in water, and expect Hexane not to dissolve in Water. NH3 and HCl are polar, and therefore would dissolve in water, but not Hexane. 2I is non-polar and would not dissolve in water, and would dissolve in hexane. Ionic materials tend to dissolve well in water because they are oppositely charged, have different electronegativities, and are polar. Since water is also polar, ionic substances are extremely soluble in it, and since Hexane is not polar, ionic substances will not dissolve well in it.
Enrichment: I expect Carbon Dioxide to dissolve much more in water because it is polar. Nitrogen and Oxygen gas, however, I would expect to not dissolve very easily, because they are covalently bonded, and are not polar. If O2 and CO2 didn't dissolve in water, aquatic life could not survive, because the life systems under water need these gases to sustain through processes like photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

10.2 Portion: Temperature significantly affects the solubility of certain substances. The greater the temperature, the more soluble a substance will be. So in order to make something to dissolve more quickly, one could heat up the solvent/solution. In terms of the particles, the more average kinetic energy, the faster the particles are moving, and they can have more effective collisions or dissociate, depending on the solute. Surface area does factor into solubility for the same reason; the more surface area, the more effective collisions. Unsaturated means that the solution contains less solute than possible, saturated means that the solution contains the maximum amount of solute possible, and super saturated means that the solution contains greater than the maximum amount of solute possible and would have some undissolved solute at the bottom of the solution.
Enrichment: Rock candy is made by dissolving sugar in hot water (and adding food coloring for marketing reasons) until the solution is saturated, and can contain no more salt. After the mixture is completely homogeneous, it is slowly cooled until it is hardened into a super saturated mixture.