1a. The Nitrate is known as a "spectator ion" because it has no involvement in the reaction. It is just bonded to the other ions, and sits idle in the reaction.
1b. Magnesium is oxidized, and Silver is reduced.
2. If X is more reactive than Y (higher up on table J) then the X and Y+2 will spontaneously react.
3-1. The activity series is the list of elements is order or activity.
3-2. An activity series can be used to predict which metal is more reactive by determining which elements spontaneously react with each other.
4. Gold and Silver were discovered earlier than the other four by humans because they can be easily found in nature. They do not easily react with the air to form oxides, unlike the other metals which are difficult to find alone in nature.
5-1. Copper was smelted by placing the ore is fire, and applying oxygen to the process through blowtubes.
5-2. Bronze was made by mixing copper and tin ore together and smelting it.
Enrichment: Silver was important in Kodak because Silver Halide paper was used as film to print the photos. This was important because the Silver Halides are light sensitive, and images can appear and can be developed on the film, depending on the amount of light used ( thus, the creation of the "dark room").
Tuesday, May 29, 2012
Thursday, May 10, 2012
Lab 10.1 Solubility Curves
Salt, Sugar, and Methyl Alcohol are polar because they dissolve in water, which is also polar. Acetane, Wax, and Lighter Fluid are Non Polar because they did not dissolve in water. From the data, I can conclude that Ethanol is less polar than water, but still polar. I would expect Ethanol to dissolve in water, and expect Hexane not to dissolve in Water. NH3 and HCl are polar, and therefore would dissolve in water, but not Hexane. 2I is non-polar and would not dissolve in water, and would dissolve in hexane. Ionic materials tend to dissolve well in water because they are oppositely charged, have different electronegativities, and are polar. Since water is also polar, ionic substances are extremely soluble in it, and since Hexane is not polar, ionic substances will not dissolve well in it.
Enrichment: I expect Carbon Dioxide to dissolve much more in water because it is polar. Nitrogen and Oxygen gas, however, I would expect to not dissolve very easily, because they are covalently bonded, and are not polar. If O2 and CO2 didn't dissolve in water, aquatic life could not survive, because the life systems under water need these gases to sustain through processes like photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
10.2 Portion: Temperature significantly affects the solubility of certain substances. The greater the temperature, the more soluble a substance will be. So in order to make something to dissolve more quickly, one could heat up the solvent/solution. In terms of the particles, the more average kinetic energy, the faster the particles are moving, and they can have more effective collisions or dissociate, depending on the solute. Surface area does factor into solubility for the same reason; the more surface area, the more effective collisions. Unsaturated means that the solution contains less solute than possible, saturated means that the solution contains the maximum amount of solute possible, and super saturated means that the solution contains greater than the maximum amount of solute possible and would have some undissolved solute at the bottom of the solution.
Enrichment: Rock candy is made by dissolving sugar in hot water (and adding food coloring for marketing reasons) until the solution is saturated, and can contain no more salt. After the mixture is completely homogeneous, it is slowly cooled until it is hardened into a super saturated mixture.
Enrichment: I expect Carbon Dioxide to dissolve much more in water because it is polar. Nitrogen and Oxygen gas, however, I would expect to not dissolve very easily, because they are covalently bonded, and are not polar. If O2 and CO2 didn't dissolve in water, aquatic life could not survive, because the life systems under water need these gases to sustain through processes like photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
10.2 Portion: Temperature significantly affects the solubility of certain substances. The greater the temperature, the more soluble a substance will be. So in order to make something to dissolve more quickly, one could heat up the solvent/solution. In terms of the particles, the more average kinetic energy, the faster the particles are moving, and they can have more effective collisions or dissociate, depending on the solute. Surface area does factor into solubility for the same reason; the more surface area, the more effective collisions. Unsaturated means that the solution contains less solute than possible, saturated means that the solution contains the maximum amount of solute possible, and super saturated means that the solution contains greater than the maximum amount of solute possible and would have some undissolved solute at the bottom of the solution.
Enrichment: Rock candy is made by dissolving sugar in hot water (and adding food coloring for marketing reasons) until the solution is saturated, and can contain no more salt. After the mixture is completely homogeneous, it is slowly cooled until it is hardened into a super saturated mixture.
Monday, April 16, 2012
Lab 9.2 Stressing out Equilibrium
1. The reaction shifted toward the product side.
2. If at the end of the reaction delta H is positive, the reaction is endothermic, because heat was absorbed. If delta H is negative, the reaction is exothermic because heat was lost.
3.
a. They are not soluble in water.
b. It turned pink because there was a decrease in the Chloride concentration.
c. There was a shift left, because there were less Chloride ions.
6. An open container (lower pressure) allows for more moles of gas to be released. So when a container of soda is opened, the bubbles will begin to be constantly released until they are out or the mixture.
Enrichment:
1. Carbon Dioxide
2.Left.
3.There is less.
4. Panting out of CO2 leads to an equilibrium which leads to taking CO2 from the CaCO3 which means thinner shells.
5. They could put the chickens in cooler rooms or environments.
2. If at the end of the reaction delta H is positive, the reaction is endothermic, because heat was absorbed. If delta H is negative, the reaction is exothermic because heat was lost.
3.
a. They are not soluble in water.
b. It turned pink because there was a decrease in the Chloride concentration.
c. There was a shift left, because there were less Chloride ions.
6. An open container (lower pressure) allows for more moles of gas to be released. So when a container of soda is opened, the bubbles will begin to be constantly released until they are out or the mixture.
Enrichment:
1. Carbon Dioxide
2.Left.
3.There is less.
4. Panting out of CO2 leads to an equilibrium which leads to taking CO2 from the CaCO3 which means thinner shells.
5. They could put the chickens in cooler rooms or environments.
Monday, April 2, 2012
Blog 9.1 Heat of Solution
Blog questions:
1. The Solution was endothermic because heat was absorbed, and the substance felt coder after the reaction.
2. The percent error for my experiment was 12%.
3. Possible sources of error were not exactly calculating 50 mL of water, or measuring too much or too little NH4Cl..
4a. The change would have been greater because some of the heat would have been lost to the surrounding air, and the total amount of heat lost would be greater
4b. The change would be less substantial because the concentration would be lower.
4c. The percent error would have been greater because the molarity would be greater.
Enrichment:
This is done to prevent cold temperature from damaging the oranges. When the trees are sprayed, the water will eventually freeze, ad absorb the harmful heat before the fruit is affected.
1. The Solution was endothermic because heat was absorbed, and the substance felt coder after the reaction.
2. The percent error for my experiment was 12%.
3. Possible sources of error were not exactly calculating 50 mL of water, or measuring too much or too little NH4Cl..
4a. The change would have been greater because some of the heat would have been lost to the surrounding air, and the total amount of heat lost would be greater
4b. The change would be less substantial because the concentration would be lower.
4c. The percent error would have been greater because the molarity would be greater.
Enrichment:
This is done to prevent cold temperature from damaging the oranges. When the trees are sprayed, the water will eventually freeze, ad absorb the harmful heat before the fruit is affected.
Friday, March 9, 2012
8.1 Hydrocarbon Properties and Uses
Crude oil is unrefined petrolium; or petrolium that has not yet been refined. Crude oil is composed of different Hydrocarbons. Often times they are composed of Light Distillates, Middle distillates, and natural residue.
Crude oil is separated using different physical properties such as melting point, and boiling point. Since the different components of crude oil have different melting points, when crude oil is heated at certain temperatures, the different components will boil out, thus separating them.
Based on the size of Hydrocarbons, the properties vary. Larger Hydrocarbons have higher boiling and melting points, because their larger size makes them more difficult to break apart. Methane will have a much lower boiling point than a Hydrocarbon that has 30 or more carbons.
Locating and drilling oil is done everyday in the U.S. and around the world. The process has become more environmentally friendly over the years. Before modern conservation theories, oil companies would use dynamite and other explosives to locate oil to begin drilling. Currently there are special boats that release shock waves that locates compacted sections underground where oil could be located. The oil companies will then use high-pressured drills to cut through bedrock, and large, industrial pumps to extract the oil from the earth. Of course these drills are equipped with safety valves and emergency blowout prevention mechanisms to avoid another potential catastrophe. The drills that are used spin outward to release any trapped gas up and out of the dig site, to avoid pressure build up, and possible explosion.
In the last few decades, oil companies have been attempting to make improvement on their drilling technologies for controversial reasons. Since the oil drilling proc3ess was not the cleanest process, nor was it entirely safe, the oil companies make efforts to create new support systems for their drills, safer drills that will cause less damage to the earth, and most importantly, avoid distaster.
Crude oil is separated using different physical properties such as melting point, and boiling point. Since the different components of crude oil have different melting points, when crude oil is heated at certain temperatures, the different components will boil out, thus separating them.
Based on the size of Hydrocarbons, the properties vary. Larger Hydrocarbons have higher boiling and melting points, because their larger size makes them more difficult to break apart. Methane will have a much lower boiling point than a Hydrocarbon that has 30 or more carbons.
Locating and drilling oil is done everyday in the U.S. and around the world. The process has become more environmentally friendly over the years. Before modern conservation theories, oil companies would use dynamite and other explosives to locate oil to begin drilling. Currently there are special boats that release shock waves that locates compacted sections underground where oil could be located. The oil companies will then use high-pressured drills to cut through bedrock, and large, industrial pumps to extract the oil from the earth. Of course these drills are equipped with safety valves and emergency blowout prevention mechanisms to avoid another potential catastrophe. The drills that are used spin outward to release any trapped gas up and out of the dig site, to avoid pressure build up, and possible explosion.
In the last few decades, oil companies have been attempting to make improvement on their drilling technologies for controversial reasons. Since the oil drilling proc3ess was not the cleanest process, nor was it entirely safe, the oil companies make efforts to create new support systems for their drills, safer drills that will cause less damage to the earth, and most importantly, avoid distaster.
Monday, February 27, 2012
Lab 7.3 Reactivity Of Metals
1. Elements in the same group rather than the same period have the most similar proprieties, because for the most part, atoms in the same group have the same number of valence electrons. This means that they will react in the same way, making the same bonds to other atoms.
2. Elements in the same group on the Periodic Table tend to react the same way because they have the same number of valence electrons. For example, Magnesium would react similarly to Beryllium because they are both in group 2 (Alkali Earth Metals), and each have 2 valence electrons.
3. With an electron configuration of 2-8-1, when Sodium reacts with a nonmetal, it loses its valence electron, making it a cation, with a charge of +1. Also the Sodium ion will have a new electron configuration of 2-8, making it most similar to the noble gas Neon (Ne). As a result of this, the Sodium ion has become more stable.
Enrichment: Pure Sodium is created through a Carbon Burning Process(also caller Carbon Fusion). This is when two Carbon atoms are fused together at an extremely hot temperature, creating what we used in the lab, Na-23.
2. Elements in the same group on the Periodic Table tend to react the same way because they have the same number of valence electrons. For example, Magnesium would react similarly to Beryllium because they are both in group 2 (Alkali Earth Metals), and each have 2 valence electrons.
3. With an electron configuration of 2-8-1, when Sodium reacts with a nonmetal, it loses its valence electron, making it a cation, with a charge of +1. Also the Sodium ion will have a new electron configuration of 2-8, making it most similar to the noble gas Neon (Ne). As a result of this, the Sodium ion has become more stable.
Enrichment: Pure Sodium is created through a Carbon Burning Process(also caller Carbon Fusion). This is when two Carbon atoms are fused together at an extremely hot temperature, creating what we used in the lab, Na-23.
Friday, February 17, 2012
Chem Crunch Blog
The heaviest elements have the smallest radii because they are the most dense, due to the mass packed into a smaller atom.
Electronegativity decreases as the groups decrease because nonmetals are the most electronegative. Elements in higher groups have the most nonmetalic properties. Also, when an atom is larger, the valence electrons are farther away from the positive nucleus, which is why the larger atoms don't attract electrons as well.
The trends are referred to as being periodic, because they happen periodicly, just as magazines and newspapers come periodically (often).
Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Lab 7.1 Flame Tests And Emission Spectra
Conclusion:
1.) A spectrum is like an element's fingerprint, because each element releases a different emission spectrum. Since elements have different elecrtron configurations, when an atom of an element goes from the excited state back to the ground state, its light emission spectrum will be different from any other. Just as fingerprints are used for identification purposes, as can an emission spectrum. Since all light spectra are different, depending on the element, a spectrum can be used to determine which element is releasing it.
2.) A spectrum is formed when an atom is going from the excited, back into the ground state. This is because the energy that was once absorbed, now needs to be released, in the form of light energy. This process is happening so rapidly, that when we see light, it appears to be a constant, when really it is this individual process happening to millions of atoms, happening millions of times.
Enrichment:
1.) Jules Janssen was the man that discovered Helium. He gave the element the name Heliom after the Greek God, Helius, because he discovered it during a solar eclipse.
2a.) Blue and red shifts are the shifts of wavelengths toward one side of the color spectrum, thus making it appear more red or more blue, and also making the wavelength shorter or longer, depending on which shift has occurred.
2b.) Red shift galaxies are much more abundant than blue shift galaxies. Since a blueshift is a decrease in wavelength (an increase in frequency), it will increase the velocity of particles. This increase in particles creates the doppler effect, because as the universe is expanding, the frequency will appear to increase even more. Theoretically, the two are directly connected.
2c.) Edwin Hubble was an American astronomer, for whom the Hubble Telescope was named. His advances in theoretical Physics, and astronomy helped create a better understanding for many theorys relatesd to redshift, blueshift, and the expanding universe.
Wednesday, January 18, 2012
Lab 6.1 Double Replacement Reactions
I rushed through the predictions because I wanted to get to the experimentation. I got a few of them wrong for this reason. I'm sure that there are a few exceptions here and there in the reference tables, yet New York State decided not to include them because they are so minor. When writing a double replacement reaction I follow this procedure: AX + BY ----->AY + BX, then if the charges are equal on the products, the subscripts become coefficients. If not, standard equation balancing methods should be applied. Finally, whichever product is not soluble is labeled as solid, and whichever product is soluble is labeled as aqueous.
Enrichment: Various carcinogen compounds are removed from waste water. Most of them contain sulfate, which can combine to create a precipitate, and can later be filtered out.
Enrichment: Various carcinogen compounds are removed from waste water. Most of them contain sulfate, which can combine to create a precipitate, and can later be filtered out.
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